Ike Turner Why You Make Me Do It Baby?
| The Kings of Rhythm | |
|---|---|
 Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm (1956). Back: Jackie Brenston, Raymond Hill, Eddie Jones, Fred Sample, Billy Gayles. Front: Jesse Knight Jr., Ike Turner, and Eugene Washington | |
| Groundwork data | |
| Also known as | Jackie Brenston & His Delta Cats, Ike Turner & His Orchestra, Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm, Nasty Minds, Family unit Vibes |
| Origin | Clarksdale, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Genres | Bound blues, rhythm and blues, rock and gyre, funk, soul |
| Years active | 1940s–nowadays |
| Labels | Sun, Modern, Sue, Sonja, Sony, Teena, United Artists |
| Associated acts | Ike & Tina Turner, Ike Turner, The Tophatters, The Ikettes |
| Members |
|
| Past members | Ike Turner Jackie Brenston Willie Kizart Raymond Hill Willie "Bad Male child" Sims Johnny O'Neal Eugene Washington Billy Gayles Clayton Honey Ernest Lane Jesse Knight Jr. Bonnie Turner Annie Mae Wilson Jimi Hendrix Leon Bluish Mack Johnson Clifford Solomon Billy Preston Jackie Clark Warren Dawson Marking Landon Soko Richardson See members section for others |
The Kings of Rhythm are an American rhythm and blues and soul group formed in the late 1940s in Clarksdale, Mississippi and led past Ike Turner through to his death in 2007. Turner would retain the name of the band throughout his career, although the group has undergone considerable line-up changes over time.
The group was an offshoot of a large large ring ensemble called the Tophatters. By the late 1940s, Turner had renamed this group the Kings of Rhythm. Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of popular jukebox hits of the twenty-four hour period.[1] In 1951, Turner and his Kings of Rhythm recorded the song "Rocket 88" (credited to Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats)," which is a contender for the first rock and roll record. The song is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Curl Hall of Fame Singles.[2] [3]
In the 1960s, the Kings of Rhythm became the band for the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. For a few years in the early 1970s they were renamed the Family Vibes, and released two albums under that name. After the disbanding of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1976, Turner revived the Kings of Rhythm in 2001 and released the Grammy-nominated anthology Here And At present. The Kings of Rhythm backed Turner on his Grammy-winning album Risin' With The Blues (2006).[4] After Turner died in 2007, the band for some fourth dimension was under the leadership of pianist Ernest Lane, who was a childhood friend of Turner'southward. The Kings of Rhythm go along to perform with vocalist Earl Thomas.[5]
Career [edit]
Formation: The Tophatters [edit]
As a teenager, Ike Turner joined a large rhythm ensemble in Clarksdale, Mississippi called the Tophatters, which included musicians Raymond Hill, Eugene Trick, and Clayton Love.[1] [half dozen] They performed at local dances, playing big band arrangements from sheet music.[7] At one point the Tophatters had over xxx members, and eventually split into two, with one act who wanted to acquit on playing dance orchestra jazz calling themselves the Dukes of Swing and the other, led by Turner becoming the Kings of Rhythm.[eight] A rivalry betwixt the two former factions of the Tophatters lasted for some time, with the two staging an open air 'battle-of-the-bands' where they played from atop two flatbed trucks every fortnight.[vii]
1940s: Early years [edit]
The Kings of Rhythm had a regular Wednesday nighttime residency at Clarksdale's Harlem Theater. This got them bookings around the Mississippi Delta region. Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of pop jukebox hits.[9] In March 1951 whilst driving betwixt gigs, the Kings of Rhythm dropped in on a B.B. King club date in Chambers, Mississippi. Turner persuaded Male monarch to let the band sit in and play a number with him. Rex contests this, remembering that it was only Turner who saturday in with his band. They were well received and the club possessor booked them for a weekend residency, whilst King recommended them to Sam Philips at Sunday Studios in Memphis, Tennessee.[7] In the 1950s, The Kings received regular airplay from live sessions on Clarksdale radio station WROX-AM, at the behest of DJ Early Wright. The band would sometimes play a session that lasted an hour.[x]
1951: "Rocket 88" [edit]
Sam Phillips invited the Kings of Rhythm downwardly to Memphis to record at Sun Studios, and the group had to devise an original song at short notice for the session. The saxophonist, Jackie Brenston, suggested a vocal about the new Rocket 88 Oldsmobile. Turner worked out the arrangement and the piano introduction and the band collaborated on the rest with Brenston on vocals.[7] [9] "Rocket 88" came out with the group erroneously credited as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, instead of Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm featuring Jackie Brenston.[1] The single went on to sell half a million copies, reaching the top of the Billboard R&B charts in June 1951. The success of the record acquired divisions within the group, with Brenston believing he was now the star and should front the group, and Turner and Raymond Hill bitter that they had received little recognition or recompense for writing and recording a hit record. Turner and the band were simply paid $20 each for the record,[11] with the exception of Brenston who sold the rights to Phillips for $910.[12]
The grouping'southward regular singer, Johnny O'Neal, had left prior to the recording of "Rocket 88" to sign a contract with Male monarch Records, simply Turner yet refused to allow Brenston to take over every bit singer. Following the success of the record, Brenston was convinced he was the star of the group and left to pursue a solo career.[1] This caused the group to fall apart with some members backing Brenston on the road. However Turner held onto the name and soon reformed the Kings of Rhythm with a new line-upwards.[vii]
1952–1954: Sun/Mod Records [edit]
Between 1952 and 1954, Turner became a session musician and production assistant for Sam Philips at Sun Records and the Bihari brothers at Modern/RPM Records. Turner was also a freelance talent scout, and used the Kings of Rhythm as session musicians. They played on many recording for the Biharis' Modern, RPM, and Flair labels.[ane]
Turner's wife Bonnie Turner was a pianist and vocalist in his new line-upward. They released the record, "My Heart Belongs To You" / "Looking for My Infant" from RPM in 1952. The Kings of Rhythm which included Bonnie Turner, Raymond Hill, Billy "The Kid" Emerson and Johnny O'Neal recorded for Dominicus in 1953 and 1954. Some of the recordings remained unissued until Charly Records released of Sun: The Roots Of Rock: Volume 3: Delta Rhythm Kings in 1976.[thirteen] Turner and the Kings of Rhythm concluding recorded for Sun in 1958 with Tommy Hodge, by then, Phillips had shifted his focus onto rockabilly music and wasn't recording many black musicians anymore.[fourteen]
1954–1962: St. Louis [edit]
In tardily 1954, Turner took the reformed version of Kings of Rhythm north to Eastward St. Louis,[15] which included Kizart, Sims, O'Neal, Jesse Knight Jr. and Turner's and then married woman Annie Mae Wilson on piano and vocals. Effectually this time, Turner moved over to playing guitar to adapt Wilson, taking lessons from Willie Kizart to improve.[one]
Turner maintained strict discipline over the band, insisting they lived in a large house with him so he could conduct early morning rehearsals at a moment'south discover. He would burn down anyone he suspected of drinking or taking drugs, and would fine ring-members if they played a wrong note.[1] He controlled everything from the arrangements downwards to the suits the band wore onstage. Starting off playing at a social club called Kingsbury'south in Madison, Illinois, within a year Turner had built upward a full gig schedule, establishing his group as one of the near highly rated on the St. Louis guild excursion, vying for popularity with their only real competition, Sir John's Trio featuring Chuck Berry.[16] The bands would play all-nighters in St. Louis, then cross the river to the clubs of E St. Louis, and continue playing until dawn. In St. Louis for the first time Turner and the ring were exposed to a developing white teenage audience who were excited by rhythm and dejection.[1] Clubs they played in St. Louis included Club Imperial, which was pop with white teenagers, The Dynaflow, The Moonlight Lounge, Guild Riviera and the Westward Finish Walters. In East St. Louis, the grouping would play at Kingsbury's, Manhattan Lodge and The Sportsman.[i] [17]
In between live dates, Turner took the band to Cincinnati to record for Federal in 1956. The session produced the regional hit "I'm Tore Up," featuring lead vocalizer Billy Gayles.[12] In 1958, the band recorded for Cobra/Artistic in Chicago, serving as the firm band for Buddy Guy, Otis Rush, and Betty Everett.[18] Turner befriended St. Louis R&B fan Beak Stevens, who in 1959 gear up the curt-lived record characterization, Stevens Records, which was financed past his begetter Fred Stevens.[19] [twenty] Turner and the Kings of Rhythm recorded for Stevens, of which seven singles were released and later included on the Ruby Lightnin' compilation Hey Hey (1984).[21]
1960–1976: The Ike & Tina Turner Revue [edit]
After the improver of his future married woman Petty Ann (Tina Turner) as lead singer, Turner formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.[12] The creation of the revue was in a large office the birth of the soul revues of the 1960s. The Kings of Rhythm and Tina were joined on stage by the Ikettes who contributed backing vocals and choreographed trip the light fantastic toe moves. As backing band to the duo, the band played on many substantial soul hits, including the meg sellers "A Fool In Dearest" (1960) and "Information technology'due south Gonna Piece of work Out Fine"(1961) both for Sue Records.[seven] Too included in the revue were male singers Stacy Johnson, Vernon Guy, Jimmy Thomas and Bobby John.[22] [15] Turner moved the revue to California in 1962.[1]
In the mid-1960s Jimi Hendrix briefly played backing guitar in the band.[23] Turner fired him because his guitar solos became "and then elaborate they overstepped the bounds."[24] [25] In 1964, the band released the single "Getting Nasty" / "Nutting Up" under the alias Nasty Minds on Turner's Sonja label.[1] In improver the ring appeared on local television shows and toured the Chitlin' Excursion. The Ike & Tina Turner Revue was featured in the 1966 concert film The Large T.North.T. Bear witness. The lineup for that performance was Turner and Herb Sadler on guitar, James Norwood on drums, Sam Rhodes on bass and Ernest Lane on piano. In the fall of 1966, the Ike Tina Turner Reve joined the Rolling Stones in their British Tour.[26] They besides joined the Rolling Stones for their American Bout in 1969.[26]
By 1970, Ike & Tina Turner had a resurgence on the charts with their rock covers. Following the success of their unmarried "Proud Mary" in 1971, the Kings of Rhythm were renamed the Family Vibes.[27] They released two albums as the Family Vibes, Strange Fruit (1972) and Confined to Soul (1973), both produced by Turner. The Ike & Tina Turner Revue disbanded in 1976.[1]
1986–1987: St. Louis Kings of Rhythm [edit]
In 1986, a revival of the Rex of Rhythm consisting of several veteran members toured Europe equally the St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm. The tour extended into 1987, and an anthology titled St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm was released on Timeless Records in Europe. Mayor Vincent Schoemehl officially appointed the St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm ambassadors for the Urban center of St. Louis.[28]
2001–nowadays: Reformation [edit]
In the late 1990s Turner toured with Joe Louis Walker, the positive response to the bout encouraged him to reform the Kings of Rhythm. The Rex of Rhythm toured the U.South. in 2001 and headlined a showcase at Southward past Southwest where they were hailed as one of the highlights of the briefing.[29] [30] This led to the recording and release of the Grammy-nominated anthology Here And At present (2001) by Turner and the Kings of Rhythm. The album won two Westward.C. Handy Awards, the Blues Foundation'south equivalent of the Grammy Awards, for Best Traditional Blues Anthology and Comeback Album of the Year in 2002.[31] They received positive reviews for their performances at various music festivals, including Montreux Jazz Festival (2002), North Sea Jazz Festival (2002), and Jazz à Vienne (2004).[32] [33]
The Kings of Rhythm backed Turner on his Grammy-winning anthology Risin' With The Dejection (2006).[4] Subsequently Turner died in December 2007, the band was temporarily nether the leadership of pianist Ernest Lane (1931–2012), a childhood friend of Turner's.[34] The band performed Turner's classic songs at his funeral.[fifteen] Since 2008, the band has performed with vocalist Earl Thomas.[5] Thomas became a fan of Ike & Tina Turner subsequently watching the picture Soul To Soul (1971) equally a child. He met Turner in 2004 and remained in contact with him until his death.[35]
Legacy [edit]
By some accounts, "Rocket 88" is considered the first stone and roll record.[36] [37]
Speaking on "Rocket 88" being a contender for the first rock 'n' ringlet tape, broadcaster Paul Gambaccini said:
In musical terms [he was] very important. "Rocket 88" is 1 of the two records that can claim to exist the first rock 'n' roll tape, the other existence "The Fat Man" by Fats Domino from 1949. But "Rocket 88" does accept a couple of elements which "The Fat Homo" did not. The wailing saxophone and that distorted electric guitar. It was number one in the rhythm and dejection chart for five weeks, information technology's in the Grammy Hall of Fame and it was an indisputable merits to fame for Ike Turner, fifty-fifty though his lead singer and saxophonist, Jackie Brenston, got the label credit.[38]
Awards [edit]
"Rocket 88" was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1991, the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Singles in 2018.[ii] [3]
Band members [edit]
1951 Rocket 88 recording band (Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats) [edit]
- Ike Turner – Piano
- Jackie Brenston – Saxophone, vocals
- Willie Kizart – Guitar
- Raymond Loma – Saxophone
- Willie "Bad Boy" Sims – Drums
1950s–1960s members [edit]
- Ike Turner – Piano
- Jackie Brenston – Saxophone, vocals
- Billy Gayles – Vocals, drums
- Johnny O'Neal – Vocals
- Willie "Bad Boy" Sims – Drums
- Raymond Colina – Saxophone
- Bobby Fields
- Vernon Guy – Vocals
- Bob Prindall – Drums
- Edward Nash
- Eugene Washington – Drums
- Eddie Jones – Tenor saxophone
- Eugene Play tricks
- Clifford Solomon[39]
- Clayton Honey – Vocals
- Carlson Oliver – Vocals
- Jimmy Thomas – Vocals
- Bobby John – Vocals
- Stacy Johnson – Vocals
- Jimi Hendrix – Guitar[23]
- Ernest Lane (early 60s and 1999–2009)[40]
- Larry Lynch – Bass[41]
- Al McKay – Guitar[42]
- Leon Bluish – Piano
- James "Bubba" Norwood – Drums
- Willie Kizart – Guitar
- C. 5. Veal (Ike's cousin)
- Jesse Knight Jr. (Ike'southward nephew) – Bass
- Sam Rhodes – Bass[43]
- Herb Sadler – Guitar[43]
- Bonnie Turner (Ike's ex-wife) – Piano, vocals[i]
- Trivial Ann (Tina Turner) – Vocals
- Annie Mae Wilson (Ike's ex-wife) – Piano[7] [half-dozen] [1]
- Johnny Wright – Guitar, Vocals
Studio lineup for A Blackness Man'southward Soul (1969) [edit]
- Jesse Knight – Bass
- McKinley "Mack" Johnson – Drums
- Ike Turner – Guitar
- Teasky Tribble – Percussion
- Fred Sample, Ike Turner, Billy Preston on "Getting Nasty" – Pianoforte
- Washee – Saxophone
- Jesse Heron – Trombone
- Tina Turner – Vocals
1970s members [edit]
- Ike Turner – Guitar, Organ
- Leon Blue – Piano
- Edward Burks – Trombone
- Jackie Clark – Guitar
- Warren Dawson – Bass
- Patrick Gammon – Piano
- McKinley "Mack" Johnson – Trumpet
- Marker Landon – Guitar[44]
- John Leland – Bass
- Mary Reed – Tenor saxophone
- Jimmie Smith – Tenor saxophone
- J.D. Reed – Baritone saxophone
- Soko Richardson – Drums
- Larry Reed – Tenor Saxophone
- Claude Williams – Trumpet
St Louis Kings of Rhythm lineup (1986–1987) [edit]
- Clayton Love – Keyboard
- Billy Gayles – Drummer, vocals
- Robbie Montgomery – Vocalist
- Stacy Johnson – Vocalist
- Oliver Sain – Saxophone
- Jimmy Hinds – Bass
- Darrel Darden – Guitar (1986)
- Marvin "Buzzy" Morton – Guitar (1987)
Current members [edit]
- Paul Smith – Keyboards, Organ
- Leo Dombecki – Keyboards, Saxophone
- Bill Ray – Drums
- Armando Cepeda – Bass
- Ryan Montana – Saxophone
- Seth Blumberg – Guitar
Partial discography [edit]
[45] [46] [1]
Studio albums [edit]
- 1962: Ike & Tina Turner'due south Kings of Rhythm Trip the light fantastic toe
- 1963: Rocks The Blues
- 1969: A Black Human'south Soul
- 1972: Strange Fruit
- 1972: Blues Roots
- 1973: Bars to Soul
- 1973: Bad Dreams
- 2001: Hither And Now
- 2006: Risin' With The Blues
Live albums [edit]
- 2002: Ike Turner'southward Kings Of Rhythm – The Resurrection: Alive Montreux Jazz Festival, Isabel IS 640202
- 2006: Ike Turner & The Kings Of Rhythm – Alive In Concert, Charly Films CHF-F1014LF [DVD/2CD]
Compilations [edit]
- 1976: Sun – The Roots Of Rock, Volume three: Delta Rhythm Kings (Charly CR-30103)
- 1976: Ike Turner'due south Kings Of Rhythm – I'yard Tore Up (Red Lightnin' RL-0016)[47]
- 1984: The Legendary Ike Turner and The Kings of Rhythm – Hey Hey (Cherry Lightnin' RL-0047)
- 1990: Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm – Cobra Sessions 1958 (P-Vine PCD-2161)
- 2001: The Kings Of Rhythm Featuring Ike Turner – The Sun Sessions (Varèse Sarabande 302 066 232 ii)
- 2004: Ike Turner And The Kings Of Rhythm – King Cobra: The Chicago Sessions (Fuel 2000/Varese 302 061 390 ii)
- 2017: Ike Turner And The Kings Of Rhythm – She Made My Blood Run Cold (Southern Routes SR-CD-3502)
Singles [edit]
- 1951: "Heartbroken and Worried" / "I'm Lonesome Babe" (Chess 1459) – Ike Turner And His Kings of Rhythm,
- 1952: "My Center Belongs To You" / "Looking for My Baby"(RPM 362) – Bonnie and Ike Turner With Orchestra Acc.
- 1954: "Sinners Dream" / "Stay At Home" (Checker 792) – Eugene Fox
- 1954: "Wicked Little Infant" / "Why Don't Y'all Believe In Me" (Modern 929) – Clayton Dearest
- 1954: "I Miss You So" / "Early on Times" (Modern 930) – Dennis Folder & His Orchestra
- 1954: "The Snuggle"/ "Bourbon Street Leap" (Sun 204) – Raymond Hill
- 1954: "Babe Please" / "Gypsy Blues" (Flair 1037) – Matt Cockrell
- 1954: "The Drean (Function 1)" / "The Dream (Part ii) (RPM 420) – The Fox
- 1956: "As Long As I Have You" / "I Wanna Brand Dearest To Yous" (RPM 446) – The Trojans
- 1956: "What Am I To Do" / "I'll Die In Love With Yous" (Federal 12267) – The Rockers
- 1956: "My Infant'southward Tops" / "Flaming Tops" (Federal 12284) – The Gardenias
- 1956: "I'm Tore Up" / "If I Never Had Known You lot" (Federal 12265) – Billy Gayles with Ike Turner'due south Rhythm Rockers
- 1956: "Practice Right Baby" / "No Coming Back" (Federal 12282) – Baton Gayles With Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
- 1957: "Much Later" / "The Mistreater" (Federal 12291) – Jackie Brenston With Ike Turner'due south Kings Of Rhythm
- 1957: "What Tin can Information technology Be" / "Gonna Expect For My Take a chance" (Federal 12283) – Jackie Brenston With Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
- 1957: "Do You lot Mean It" / "She Fabricated My Claret Run Common cold" (Federal 12297) – Ike Turner And His Orchestra
- 1958: "Boxtop" / "Chalypso Love Cry" (Melody Town 501) – Ike Turner, Carlson Oliver, Little Ann
- 1959: "Box Meridian" / "Walking Down The Alley" (Cobra 5033) – Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm
- 1959: "(I Know) You lot Don't Beloved Me" / "Downwardly & Out" (Creative 1504) – Ike Turner'due south Kings of Rhythm, vocal by Tommy Hodge
- 1961: "Crackerjack" / "Gettin' Late" (Crackerjack 4000) – Ike Turner'southward Kings of Rhythm
- 1962: "Prancing" / "Information technology's Gonna Work Out Fine" (Sue 760) – Ike & Tina'due south Kings of Rhythm
- 1962: "Drifting" / "Love You Baby" (Kent 45x378) – Ike Turner And His Orchestra, vocal past Bobby "Blue" Bland
- 1963: "Lonely Soldier" / "The Bad Man" (Sony 111) – Bobby John
- 1963: "Remove My Doubts" / "Don't Believe 'Em" (Sony 113) – Stacy Johnson
- 1963: "What's That You've Got" / "Need My Help" (Sony 114) – Ernest Lane
- 1964: "Annihilation - To Arrive With You" / "Walking Down The Isle" (Sonja 2007) – Vernon Guy
- 1964: "Getting Nasty" / "Nutting Up" (Sonja 5001) – Nasty Minds
- 1965: "The New Breed (Pt. 1)" / "The New Breed (Pt. 2)" (Sue 138) – Ike Turner & His Kings of Rhythm
- 1968: "You Got What You Wanted" / "As well Hot To Hold" (Pompeii 66682) – Tina Turner With Ike Turner & The Kings of Rhythm
- 1972: "Soppin' Molasses" / "Bootie Lip" (United Artists 50901) – Family Vibes
- 1973: "Garbage Man" / "El Burrito" (United Artists XW278) – Family Vibes
Uncredited recordings [edit]
- 1951: "Rocket 88" / "Come Back To Where You Belong" (Chess 1458) – recorded at Sam Phillips' studio in Memphis, Tennessee, on March 3 or 5, 1951 by Ike Turner and his band, The Kings of Rhythm (with his saxophonist and occasional singer Jackie Brenston, being credited on the record'south label [Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats] equally the writer/performer).
- 1951: "My Real Gone Rocket" / "Drained Out" (Chess 1469) – credited as Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats
References [edit]
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- ^ a b "Grammy Hall of Fame". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. October xviii, 2010.
- ^ a b Graff, Gary (Apr 18, 2018). "Stone and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time, Including 'Born to Be Wild' & 'Louie Louie'". Billboard.
- ^ a b "Ike Turner". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. November 23, 2020.
- ^ a b "Earl Thomas". San Diego Reader.
- ^ a b "Mississippi Blues Trail-Ike Turner". Mississippi Blues Trail. Mississippi Dejection Commission. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
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- ^ Romanowski, Patricia (2001). Ike and Tina Turner Biography . Simon & Schuster. pp. 1136. ISBN978-0-7432-0120-9.
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- ^ a b c Blues Unlimited: Essential Interviews from the Original Blues Mag. Russell, Tony, Camarigg, Mark, Rowe, Mike, Greensmith, Bill. Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press. 2015. pp. 189–260. ISBN9780252097508. OCLC 922018263.
{{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Guralnick, Peter (2000). Rock and Roll is Here to Stay: An Anthology. McKeen, William. Due west.W. Norton. p. 138. ISBN9780393047004. OCLC 41320202.
- ^ Early on, Gerald Lyn. (1998). Ain't But a Place: An Anthology of African American Writings about St. Louis. Missouri History Museum. p. 222. ISBN9781883982287. OCLC 1063306342.
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- ^ a b Roby, Steven (2012). Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters. Chicago Review Printing. pp. twenty, 139. ISBN978-1613743249.
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- ^ Drozdowski, Ted Drozdowski (September 26, 2011). "Rex of Rhythm: A Tribute to Stone and Coil Pioneer Ike Turner". web.archive.org. Gibson. Archived from the original on Dec 13, 2007.
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- ^ Marker "Toomey" Bonardelli (July xix, 2002). "Blues/Rock Innovator Play Montreux". bonardelli.com.
- ^ Dougan, Katherine R. (October 8, 2002). "I Like Ike". Jackson Free Press.
- ^ "Earl Thomas and the Kings of Rhythm" (PDF).
- ^ Blevins, Joe (March 3, 2016). ""Rocket 88," the first stone song always, turns 65 today". The A.Five. Lodge.
- ^ Cheal, David (Nov xiii, 2015). "The Life of a Song: 'Rocket 88'". Fiscal Times.
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- ^ Kiersh, Ed (August 1985). "Ike's Story". Spin. 1 (4): 36–43. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ Lane, Ernest. "Ernest Lane biography". Ernest Lane official website. Ernest Lane. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
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- ^ Jordan, Oscar (January 17, 2011). "5 Funk Guitarists You Should Know". Premier Guitar . Retrieved December 17, 2019.
- ^ a b Vernon, Paul (1999). African-American blues, rhythm and blues, gospel and zydeco on film and video, 1926-1997. Ashgate. OCLC 903418900.
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- ^ Ike Turner'due south Kings Of Rhythm – I'm Tore Upwards (1976, Vinyl) , retrieved February sixteen, 2021
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Rhythm
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